1

a

Four distinct layers (D = Inner core, C = Outer core, B = Mantle, A = continental crust and Oceanic Crust) * 1

4

b

Any two of thickness, age, weight (density), characteristics If two separate accounts credit 2nd 'comparative' statement; in a true comparison credit both sides of the statement.

c

Level I

Simple indication of the convection currents with identification of one or more of the three plate types.

0 - 4

Level II

More detailed convection pattern e.g. down into the mantle) with details and possibly e.g.s) of the movements.

5 - 8

d

Credit is for the results of movement - credit types of movement not the name given by the student.

Level I

Plate margin identified with one or more resulting landforms shown; little or no valid explanation.

0 - 3

Level II

An explanation of the movement processes is linked to landforms, possibly by association.

4 - 7

Level III

Explanation directly identifies the creation of one or more of the characteristic landforms.

8 - 9

2

a

Level I

Naming of oceanic and continental crust with simple indication of character (e.g. light/heavy rock).

0 - 2

Level II

Detail of characteristics, may quantify (e.g. depth) or identify major chemical constituents for one or both crustal types.

3 - 4

b

Level I

Simple identification of moving plates with suggestion that they relate to landforms.

0 - 2

Level II

Crust shown to 'float' on the mantle, and to be broken into pieces of differing sizes which move relative to each other.

2 - 3

c

One plate identified explicitly or implicitly - as long as the reader is clear which plate is intended.

i

Point mark - features (land/ocean) idea of size (may be quantified) & location in relation to other plates.

5

ii

Point mark - margin types identified 2 max (constructive, destructive and/or conservative) + 2 marks for locating in some way.

4

d

For the chosen plate margin in either text or diagram: name validates diagram & text. Name may be an annotation on a diagram etc.

Level 1

Direction of plate movement is shown with an indication of growth or destruction of the plate. Landforms are indicated by shape or name.

0 - 3

Level II

Movement of magma/crust is shown so that the creation of new rock - or destruction of the plate - is related to associated landforms (by diagrammatic or textual links).

4 - 7

Level III

Diagram and text make it clear how change to pre-existing crustal rock relates to processes forming new landforms.

8 - 9

3

a

Credit is for identified characteristics:- e.g. crust floating; two types of crust; mantle characteristics (types, movement); crustal division into plates; 1 mark each.

0 - 5

b

Level I

Identification of movement of convection currents - rising, spreading, sinking - linked to movement of the crustal plate.

0 - 4

Level II

Indication of the cause of movement (hot spot, radioactive decay etc.) and detail of how movement of magma can 'cause' crustal movement.

5 - 8

c

Level I

A chosen plate identified by movement of crust with some indication of associated landforms.

0 - 4

Level II

Movement of plates linked to magma & creation/destruction/change to pre-existing plate. Links to landforms mainly by association.

5 - 8

Level III

Detailed explanation in terms of characteristics of magma, or of crust and how movement has created specific landforms associated with the type of plate margin.

9 - 12

4

Level I Identification of 'mountain building' process - no evidence other than by name.

0 -3

Level II Some explanation of pushing by plates to form mountains & identify 'quakes and volcanic activity. Simple description of evidence for plate movement.

4 - 10

Level III Plate theory developed to identify implications of moving plates and the types of margin linked to activity. One or more pieces of evidence interpreted to show movement.

11 - 17

Level IV Up to three different pieces of evidence directly identifying plates and their movement.

18 - 22

Level V indication of time-span relating to one or more of the pieces of evidence.

23 - 25

5

Level I - Causes of one or other of the events identified but not linked.

1 - 3

Level II - Causes linked directly or by association.

4 - 8

Level I - Valid area named = 1 mark, credit for stating factors - but not relating them to earthquakes.

1 - 3

Level II - At least 1 identified factor linked to movement.

4 - 8

Level III - Area geology linked to features and movements of the earth.

9 - 10

Level I - 1 mark for valid feature named/described and credit for relevant factors showing movement.

1 - 3

Level II - Identified feature linked to interpretation as a result of past earth movements.

4 - 7

6

1 mark kept for a recognisable diagram. Point mark for each relevant feature + additional credit for description of a feature.

1 - 8

Level I Valid processes described but not linked to feature.

1 - 3

Level II Direct link between process and the feature created.

4 - 8

(Mark as one)

Level I A resource is identified with little link to tectonic activity and little development of exploitation difficulties/methods.

1 - 3

Level II Link between resource and tectonic activity is clear, exploitation is related to the specific environment identified.

4 - 9

7

1 mark kept for a recognisable diagram. Point mark for each relevant feature + additional credit for description of a feature.

1 - 8

Level I Valid processes described but not linked to feature.

1 - 3

Level II Direct link between process and the feature created.

4 - 8

(Mark as one)

Level I A resource is identified with little link to tectonic activity and little development of exploitation difficulties/methods.

1 - 3

Level II Link between resource and tectonic activity is clear, exploitation is related to the specific environment identified.

4 - 9

8

Explanation of plate movement - point marked

8

Level I One or more pieces of evidence is identified/located but not related to movement of the crust.

1 - 3

Level II At least one piece of evidence is described and related to movement.

4 - 8

Level III Two different pieces of evidence are presented and related to explanation of tier interpretation in terms of plate movement

9 - 10

Identification and explanation of at least one method for dating oceanic crust - point marked.

7

9

3 places named from the map

3

1 mark each + 1 additional mark for any development.

6

1 mark for compass direction (away from the constructive margin).

2

For each place in turn explanation based on margin type & movement of plate. (2 + 2)

4

Simple use of 'destructive or constructive' processes 2 marks. Direct reference to named plates & directions of movement + 2

4

Level I Identification of 'quake occurrence at plate margins due to movement.

1 - 2

Level II Idea of friction of plate margin movement introduced deep in the ground.

3 - 4

Level III Direct link to volcanic activity (upward movement of magma).

5 - 6

10

Point mark definition. 2nd mark for development.

2

Cools, solidifies, becomes rock etc.

1

2 marks each for acid/alkaline explanation. Comparison not needed.

4

3 marks for each diagram include 1 mark for valid name linked to a correctly shaped diagram. 3+ 3

6

1 mark for each correct type (e.g. denuded upland, caldera etc.) 1 mark for a correct location name, 2 marks for description of shape. 4 + 4

8

Level I Resource etc. benefits of volcanic areas identified.

1 - 2

Level II Linked directly to human decisions about the area/s.

3 - 4

11

a

Level I

Shield areas & Young Fold Mountains named or located - with simple description.

0 - 4

Level II

Detailed locational features identified, possibly comparing locations/sizes/ patterns.

5 - 8

b i

Level I

Identified as a volcanic island at spreading ridge with rising magma - with limited development.

0 - 3

Level II

Identified plates move apart, basaltic magma rising to replace crust, adding to the two plates - some reach the surface as submarine volcanoes or volcanic islands = Ascension Island.

4 - 7

b ii

Level I

Collision between two plates, one sinking down & magma rising.

0 - 3

Level II

Collision identified between Nazca and S. American plates. Nazca bends = trench, subducts & 'burns' creating magma = rises to form volcanoes. Collision 'crumples' continental plate.

4 - 8

Level III

Chemical change due to pressure/heat in subduction zone creating andesitic lava rises, to form named volcanic peaks. Characteristics of trenches included.

9 - 10

12

Level I Identification of meaning of 'focus' of an earthquake. Simple causes of earthquakes - no link to depth or the two named locations.

0 -3

Level II Indication of specific causes (e.g. named plates & type of margin) of earthquakes in one or both of the named locations. Both are needed to reach the top of the level.

4 - 10

Level III Causes of the depths of earthquakes identified in the two locations linked specifically to causes (constructive & destructive margins). Differences shown by association rather than directly.

11 - 17

Level IV Response is structured in a way which allows direct comparison of the active processes in the two locations.

18 - 22

Level V logically planned and sequenced essay showing the relationships between plate movements and earthquake activity comparing the two areas.

23 - 25

13

Level I Description of a volcanic event unrelated to the management of the event.

0 -3

Level II reaction of people identified to a volcanic event - but there is no suggestion of 'management'.

4 - 10

Level III Simple report of the planning of the recovery from a volcanic event are identified and explained

11 - 17

Level IV Detail is provided of management of one or more contrasting volcanic events suggesting differences in level of success in coping with the event.

18 - 22

Level V events are explained in terms of management of the event in contrasting economic or other environments. The ability to cope is related to identified factors and valid conclusions are reached from the evidence presented.

23 - 25

14

Point mark identification of two classification systems and:

2+

Level I A volcanic type correctly fitted into the chosen classification. Sequence or other suggestion of the location of the type within the classification.

1 - 3

Level II Interpretation of the classification to show how features of the volcano fit it into the classification.

4 - 6
(= 8)

Level I Identification of one or more attractions and perceptions without explanation.

1 - 3

Level II Reaction to two or more identified attractions and/or perceptions made clear.

4 - 7

Level I Identification of an area of volcanic rock; simple indication of modern shape - no explanation.

1 - 3

Level II Processes operating to create the current shape identified with association links to the shape.

4 - 8

Level III Shape features explained directly by developed process activities.

9 - 10

15

Level I Volcano drawn with main vent/pipe identified & layering shown without annotations.

1 - 3

Level II Shape is acceptable, annotations identify layers of lava & ash, main crater and parasitic crater/s.

4 - 5

Level I 1 mark for naming a valid feature; simple shape of feature (may be shown in a diagram) in two dimensions. No attempt to explain relationship to the surface.

1 - 3

Level II Description is developed (quantification, composition etc.) including valid description of a real example. Causes concentrate on either the intrusion or the exposing.

4 - 8

Level III All aspects of the creation and exposing of the feature are explained.

9 - 10

Level I List of examples of resources of volcanic area/s.

1 - 3

Level II Identification of the relationship between the resources and the volcanic activity (origin of rare resources).

4 - 8

Level III Economic importance developed - explained in terms relating to areas away from the volcanic one.

9 - 10

16

a

Diagram showing: cone shape; central vent; layering; ash; lava. 4*1

0- 4

b

Intrusion = magma squeezed into crust but not through to the surface - solidifies slowly. 2 +

Extrusion = magma squeezed out onto the surface - cools rapidly. Direct contrast not needed. 2

0 - 4

c i

Solfatara gases seep out of a crustal crack, may cause a precipitate of (yellow) sulphur around the vent.

0 - 2

ii

Features specific to Solfatara in Italy 4*1 =

0 - 4

iii

Features specific to the data for Solfatara in Italy 4*1=

0 - 4

d

Level I

Feature identified with little explanation.

0 - 3

Level II

Detail provided for description (e.g. quantification, depth, extent, material content) and explanation of origin provided.

4 - 7

17

Explanation (in terms identified on page 10).

3

Explanation of meaning of log scale

3

Data read from figure

1

Data from figure 1 mark each. Comment on comparative size 3 marks.

3

Engineering response to hazard identified - adaptation and link to aspect of an earthquake.

4

Two sensible precautions and why each could be useful (2+2).

4

Level I List of potential preparations not related to level of authority required.

1 - 3

Level II Recognition that response relates to level of responsibility & power.

4 - 7

18

Country identified (1) + region/location within country (1).

2

Type & features (e.g. direction of movement) of the plate margins in the area.

3

Features of the actual event (time, size, type etc.).

3

Identification of size by damage or comparison or scale of measurement.

3

Impact over a period of time and the planning and development needed to recover.

4

Long term impacts of the disaster.

3

Influence of outside areas on the area concerned both immediate and longer term.

4

19

Sketch map features to locate the area involved.

3

Description of "when and what" happened.

3

All marks could be on an annotated diagram. Keep one mark for a diagram in a text response.

4

Identification of size by damage, comparison or scale of measurement.

2

Background history of the area.

2

Extent of damage (credit for information about damage zones etc.).

3

Economic and social disruption resulting from the event.

4

Identification and meaning of 'lessons'.

4

20

Level I Simple suggestion of how the identified factor occurs at one or each of the identified extremes.

0 - 3

Level II Extremes compared directly in the response.

4 - 8

Level I One or more examples of volcanic damage identified. Credit can be awarded for a named location/example.

0 - 3

Level II results of the damage developed to show how a volcanic eruption affects areas where there is no fallout.

4 - 9

This can include the fall out area and other economic and environmental effects.

Level I List of ways in which preparations can be made in areas of volcanic hazard.

0 - 3

Level II preparations are explained specifically in terms of the aspect of the volcanic eruption they are preparing for. Linked to MEDC location.

4 - 8

21

a i

Level I

Mark i & ii together

Identification of hazard as a list of examples. The event is a 'hazard' if people affected.

0 - 3

Level II

Hazard is explained in detail as a potential in nature for catastrophic events; (volcanic eruption is almost always a hazard as it affects a very wide (global) area).

4 - 8

b i

Level I

Causes described in terms specific to the immediate event - timetable, e.g. time and date of the event.

0 - 3

Level II

Causes identified in terms of plate movements in the area, timetable identifies evidence of longer term build up to the event.

4 - 8

ii

Level I

Identification of any problems - physical or economic experienced as a result of the event.

0 - 3

Level II

Suggestion of consequences being beyond the immediate catastrophe into the clean up phase and beyond.

4 - 8

Level III

Detailed development of one or more results explaining how it will continue to affect the physical or economic life of the area for time to come.

9

22

a i

Level I

Volcano identified and 'explanation of hazard' provided in terms of an eruption or generic tectonic processes.

0 - 2

Level II

Role of tectonic processes in the cause of this volcano provided (named plates, direction of movement etc.)

3 - 5

ii

Level I

Simple reasons for residence in any hazard area.

0 - 2

Level II

Reasons made specific to this locality (e.g. time since last eruption etc.)

3 - 5

iii

Level I

Simple description without suggestion of growing activity or details.

0 - 3

Level II

Detail provided of a specific event linked directly to the chosen case study.

4 - 8

b

Level I

General suggestions of types of evidence which may suggest future activity.

0 - 3

Level II

Developed suggestions (e.g. frequency of earthquakes, seismographic evidence etc.) in this area.

4 - 7

23

Level I Description of volcanic or earthquake danger as a 'theory' with no link to people/hazard.

0 -3

Level II Identification of the danger faced by people - either threat or from an identified event.

4 - 10

Level III Indication of the attraction of the area to people (=beginnings of management) or the views of people about the potential danger (= perception). Specific activities described but not explained in terms of the danger.

11 - 17

Level IV Identification of specific arrangements (e.g. volcano watch + warning system) & detail of the reaction of people to the danger of the location.

18 - 22

Level V Essay structured to identify a range of perceptions with some explanation of why; and a range of management systems in place to warn in advance of and react to an event.

23 - 25

24

Level I A named earthquake is described with some reference to the facts of the case study.

0 -3

Level II Detail is provided of an earthquake event - but no link is made to the perception of the people before the event nor of the relationship to the wealth of the country affecting the response.

4 - 10

Level III The perceptions of the people of the possibility of such an event are identified and the response is related to the economic status of the country in which the event occurred.

11 - 17

Level IV Some explanation of the perception of danger is suggested and the preparation for events in contrasting economic areas are related to the economic position of the country.

18 - 22

Level V Detail is provided of events, preparedness for them and the reasons for this level of preparedness in terms of perception & economic status are related to the question. A conclusion is reached as to the merits of the statement

23 - 25